What level of moral development is characterized by self-centered interests according to Kohlberg?

Kohlberg's theory of moral development includes three main levels, with each level further divided into two stages. The Pre-conventional level is indeed characterized by self-centered interests. Individuals at this level of moral development make decisions based predominantly on their own needs and consequences, often driven by the desire to avoid punishment or seek personal gain.

In this stage, morality is viewed in terms of direct personal consequences; right and wrong are judged based on how actions affect oneself. For example, a child might refrain from stealing not because they recognize it as wrong but because they fear punishment. This focus on immediate effects and personal interests is a clear reflection of self-centered thinking, distinguishing the Pre-conventional level from higher levels of moral reasoning where broader societal norms and principles of justice become more significant.

Thus, understanding that the Pre-conventional level is fundamentally about personal interests helps clarify why this choice accurately represents Kohlberg's categorization of moral development.