What does cognitive dissonance refer to?

Cognitive dissonance refers to the psychological discomfort that arises when an individual holds conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes, particularly when they encounter new information that contradicts their existing beliefs. This theory, developed by Leon Festinger in the 1950s, highlights the struggle individuals face when they recognize discrepancies between what they believe and what they experience or learn.

When new information challenges a person's established beliefs, it creates discomfort, prompting them to either change their beliefs, justify their current beliefs, or dismiss the new information. This process is integral in educational settings, as it can lead to deeper understanding and critical thinking when students confront and reconcile these conflicts in their learning experiences.

The other options, while related to aspects of learning and development, do not capture the essence of cognitive dissonance. The pleasure derived from learning, growth through social interaction, and exposure to vicarious experiences pertain to different psychological theories and processes that do not involve the conflict and resolution central to cognitive dissonance.